Unit BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES
- Course
- Imaging and radiotherapy techniques
- Study-unit Code
- A001185
- Curriculum
- In all curricula
- CFU
- 6
- Course Regulation
- Coorte 2025
- Offered
- 2025/26
- Type of study-unit
- Obbligatorio (Required)
- Type of learning activities
- Attività formativa integrata
BIOLOGY
| Code | 50A00166 |
|---|---|
| CFU | 2 |
| Teacher | Cinzia Antognelli |
| Teachers |
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| Hours |
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| Learning activities | Base |
| Area | Scienze biomediche |
| Sector | BIO/13 |
| Type of study-unit | Obbligatorio (Required) |
| Language of instruction | Italian |
| Contents | Living organisms characteristics. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Flow of genetic information within a biological system and its regulation. Cell cycle and its control. Mutations: types and causes. Reproduction of multicellular living organisms: meiosis and gametogenesis. |
| Reference texts | R. Roberti, G. Alunni Bistocchi, C: Antognelli, VN Talesa. - Biochimica e Biologia per le professioni sanitarie McGrawHill P. Bonaldo, S. Suga, R. Pierantoni, P. Riva, M.G Romanelli- Biology and Genetics – EdiSES The teaching materials are also available on Unistudium. Disabled students and/or with DSA are guaranteed all the compensatory and/or dispensatory measures provided for by current legislation in accordance with the University guidelines. |
| Educational objectives | The Applied Biology module represents one of the first preparatory courses of the Course of study in Obstetrics. As such, the main objective of teaching is to provide students with the foundations to tackle the study of both more complex basic disciplines (Histology, Anatomy, Physiology, Microbiology and Pathology) and specialist disciplines. The main knowledge acquired will concern the integrated study of the cell and living organisms, with emphasis on the: • molecular mechanisms involved in the biogenesis processes of organelles and cellular structures • interactions between cells and cells-extracellular environment • duplication, transmission and expression of genetic information • cell proliferation |
| Prerequisites | In order to understand the contents of the course it is necessary to have knowledge of the basic elements of chemistry. |
| Teaching methods | The course is organized in classroom lessons (face-to-face) on all course topics. |
| Other information | Site of the teacher: Department of Medicine and Surgery, Building B, 4th floor, P.le L Severi 1, Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Perugia. Student reception: the professor is always available to receive students upon request via email (cinzia.antognelli@unipg.it). |
| Learning verification modality | The exam includes a final written test (multiple choice tests involving reasoning) made up of 60 questions and 5 answer options, of which only one is correct, to be carried out in 60 minutes. One point is assigned to each correct answer; 0 points are assigned to incorrect or unanswered answers. The test as a whole allows you to ascertain your ability to know and understand the contents of the discipline. Students with DSA and/or disabilities are guaranteed the compensatory and/or dispensatory measures provided for by current legislation and the relevant UNIPG University Regulations. |
| Extended program | The characteristics of living organisms. Biomolecules: proteins, lipids and glucids (general characteristics). Models of cellular organization: prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Viruses: general characteristics. Animal eukaryotic cell. Plasma membrane: structure and functions. The main mechanisms of membrane transport and cellular communication; cytoplasm; ribosomes; rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi apparatus; lysosomes; peroxisomes; mitochondria and the energy problem; cytoskeleton (general characteristics), nucleus and nucleolus. DNA and RNA: structure and function. Organization of chromatin, chromosomes. The eukaryotic gene. Gene expression: transcription, maturation of primary transcripts, genetic code, translation. Regulation of gene expression: general characteristics. Cell cycle: interphase, DNA replication, mitosis. Cell cycle control: check-point and CdK-cyclines. Proto-oncogenes, oncogenes and tumor suppressor. Gene mutations (point mutations, missense, nonsense, neutral mutations), genomic mutations (aneuploidy and polyploidy mutations) and chromosomal mutations (deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation). Human normal and pathological karyotype. Heterochromatinization of the X chromosome. Reproduction of multicellular organisms; meiosis and its biological meaning, gametogenesis (spermatogenesis and oogenesis). |
| Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile | Objective 3: Health and Wellness |
PHYSIOLOGY
| Code | GP003732 |
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| CFU | 2 |
| Teacher | Aldo Ferraresi |
| Teachers |
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| Hours |
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| Learning activities | Base |
| Area | Scienze biomediche |
| Sector | BIO/09 |
| Type of study-unit | Obbligatorio (Required) |
| Language of instruction | Italian |
| Contents | Physiology of the cardiovascular system. Physiology of the respiratory system. |
| Reference texts | Fisiologia dell'uomo di Autori Vari Editore: Edi. Ermes Anno di Pubblicazione: 2002 ISBN: 8870512517 Pagine: XVI-600 |
| Educational objectives | Knowledge and understanding of the functioning of the heart, the vascular system and the respiratory system |
| Prerequisites | Basic knowledge of physics and chemistry, adequate knowledge of anatomy. |
| Teaching methods | Frontal lessons |
| Other information | None |
| Learning verification modality | Oral examination |
| Extended program | Biophysics of muscle tissue. • Diffusion and transport. Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, ionic channels, primary active transport, secondary active transport. • Cellular potentials. Ion distribution and membrane permeability, membrane potential, action potential, refractory period. • Biochemistry of muscle contraction. Striated muscle cell structure, thick filaments and fine filaments, control mechanism, ATP role. • Biomechanics of muscle contraction. Striated muscle: types of contraction, length / voltage curve, load / speed curve. Motor units, fiber types, simple shock and muscle tetanus, force modulation. Smooth muscle characteristics. Cardiovascular system. • Anatomical and functional characteristics. Large and small circle, vessel wall structure, vessel compliance. • Principles of hemodynamics. Flow equation, pressure gradient, vessel elasticity, flow and velocity, Bernulli's principle, laminar and turbulent motion, viscosity, Poisseuille's law, series and parallel resistances, Laplace's law, effects of gravity. • Cardiac conduction system. Functions of nodal, conduction and working tissues, nodal tissue self-regression, functions of the atrioventricular node and Purkinje network, refractory period and re-entry. • Cardiac mechanics. Control of contraction and the role of calcium, inotropic effect, isometric and isotonic contraction, cardiac cycle, length-tension, preload and post-load relationship, Frank-Starling law. • Cardiac output. Determinants of GC, prepared heart-lung, homeometric regulation, heart rate / range relationship. • Blood pressure. Determinants of BP, dicrote wave, time constant, sphygmic wave, pulse pressure and flow pulse, measurement with the Riva-Rocci method. • Capillary circle. Capillary and capillary circulation structure, diffusion and filtration, Starling model, lymphatic circulation. • Local flow regulation. Vessel tone, role of calcium, Bayliss myogenic response, effect of local metabolites. • Regulation of short-term PA. organization of regulatory mechanisms, baroreceptors and baroceptive reflex, voloceptors and Bainbridge reflex, chemoreceptors, central ischemic response. • Regulation of the PA in the medium and long term. Relationship volemia pressure, endocrine mechanisms (ADH, PNA, Angiotensin, Aldosterone), pressure diuresis. • Venous return. Pressures and resistance in venous return, venous return curve, venous compliance, venous return and cardiac function curves, muscle pump, thoraco-abdominal pump, valve plane mechanism. Respiratory system. • Respiratory mechanics. Events involved in respiration, functional anatomy of the respiratory system, lung volumes and capacities, anatomical and functional dead space, pulmonary and alveolar ventilation, role of pleurae, residual functional capacity, inspiratory and expiratory muscles. • Elastic resistances. Thoraco-pulmonary, pulmonary and thoracic relaxation (compliance) curve, surface tension and surfactant, alveolar stability. • Flow resistance. Resistance distribution, lung strength / volume relationship, resistance to forced expiration, flow-volume diagram and FEV1, restrictive and obstructive pathologies, pressure-volume relationship and respiratory work. • Ventilation and perfusion. Characteristics of the pulmonary circulation, vessel-alveoli ratios, effects of the variation of pressure in the pulmonary vessels, Starling model, hypoxic vasoconstriction, areas of the West, ventilation-perfusion ratio. • Honeycomb exchanges. Dalton's law, composition of atmospheric, inspired and alveolar air, alveolar air equation, solubilization and diffusion, Fick's law, diffusion of oxygen in particular conditions. • O2 and CO2 transport. O2 transport mode, hemoglobin and relative saturation curve, Bohr effect, CO2 transport mode, role of bicarbonate, Haldane effect. • Ventilation control. Bulbar and pontine control centers, discharge characteristics of respiratory neurons, pulmonary receptors, anticipatory responses. Central chemoreceptors, peripheral chemoreceptors, sensitivity to O2 and CO2. and pH, adaptation to altitude. • Acid-base balance. Blood buffer systems, effects of ventilation on bicarbonate swab, renal bicarbonate reabsorption, elimination of H + ions, urinary swabs. |
PHATOLOGY
| Code | 65011409 |
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| CFU | 2 |
| Teacher | Maria Agnese Della Fazia |
| Teachers |
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| Hours |
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| Learning activities | Base |
| Area | Scienze biomediche |
| Sector | MED/04 |
| Type of study-unit | Obbligatorio (Required) |
| Language of instruction | Italian |
| Contents | Intrinsic and Extrinsic Causes of Disease. Regressive and Progressive processes. Oncology. Classification of the tumors. Carcinogenesis. Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes. Invasive cancer and metastasis. Acute and Chronic inflammation. |
| Reference texts | G.M. Pontieri Elementi di Patologia generale e Fisiopatologia generale Per i corsi di laurea in professioni sanitarie - Edizione IV 2018 - Editore: Piccin Nuova Libraria S.p.A. |
| Educational objectives | The course of Pathology includes the study of the structural changes which come about in the organism and cause diseases and the changes at molecular, cellular, tissues and organs. In particular the teaching course is aimed at the comprehension by the student: a) the causes (etiology) exogenic, endogenic which result in structural and functional alterations in the organs; b) the molecular and cellular mechanisms (pathogenesis) by which the etiologic agents induce the damage; c) the processes by which the organism responds to the damage, in order to reestablish the previous integral conditions (or a new condition of equilibrium). |
| Prerequisites | In order to understand the course the student must have knowledge basics of cellular and molecular biology, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry. The student must in fact have knowledge of the processes that happen inside the cell. |
| Teaching methods | Lecture on subjects of the course. |
| Other information | Calendar of teaching activities: The calendar of lessons and lessons exams are published on the Degree Course website Student reception time and location: The teacher receives the students on appointment which will be agreed by email. The reception will have place in Maria Agnese Della Fazia's studio located in Building C - third floor at the Medicine and Surgery Center, Piazzale Severi, 1, Perugia. For information on support services for students with disabilities and/or DSA visit the page http://www.unipg.it/disabilita-e-dsa |
| Learning verification modality | Oral examination: will consist of a discussion lasting an average of 30 minutes, aimed at ascertaining the level of knowledge and understanding achieved by the student as well as connection and integration of contents. The oral examination will also allow you to evaluate the expository ability and the student's language skills. For information on support services for students with disabilities and/or DSA visit the page http://www.unipg.it/disabilita-e-dsa |
| Extended program | Eziologia e Patogenesi Stato di salute, omeostasi e manifestazioni patologiche - Cause di malattia: agenti fisici, chimici e biologici Cause intrinseche di malattia Patologie Genetiche -Malattie monogeniche autosomiche ed eterocromosomiche. Mutazioni del DNA e meccanismi di riparazione. -Patologie del sangue da difetto genetico: Talassemie, Sferocitosi, Falcemia , Emofilia. -Distrofia muscolare. -Alterazioni cromosomiche. Alterazioni numeriche e strutturali dei cromosomi: Sindrome di Down, Sindrome di Turner e Sindrome di Klinefelter. Cause estrinseche di malattia -Agenti fisici. Radiazioni non ionizzanti e ionizzanti. Basse e alte temperature: congelamenti ed ustioni. -Agenti chimici e ambientali. Inquinamento ambientale. Sostanze stupefacenti. Patologia Cellulare -La cellula: cenni sulla struttura e principali funzioni. -Lesioni elementari della cellula. Patologia del nucleo, del mitocondrio, del reticolo endoplasmatico, del lisosoma, del citoscheletro, dei perossisomi, dell'apparato di Golgi e della membrana cellulare. Processi regressivi -Atrofie fisiologiche e patologiche. -Processi regressivi intracellulari. Degenerazione vacuolare, idropica e rigonfiamento torbido. Degenerazione ialina e mucosa. Steatosi. -Processi regressivi extracellulari. Amiloidosi. Degenerazione ialina, fibrinoide e mucosa. -Morte cellulare. Necrosi. Vari tipi di necrosi. Gangrene. Gli esiti del processo necrotico. Apoptosi. Eventi molecolari della morte apoptotica. Processi progressivi -Ipertrofie ed iperplasie fisiologiche e patologiche. Il processo rigenerativo delle cellule labili, stabili e perenni. La rigenerazione epatica. La ricostituzione. Oncologia -Classificazione dei tumori. Caratteristiche della cellula normale e trasformata. Metaplasia. Displasia. Anaplasia. Tumori benigni e maligni. Classificazione istogenica ed elementi di morfologia dei tumori umani benigni e maligni. Carcinoma in "situ". -Elementi di epidemiologia dei tumori. Cancerogenesi: chimica, fisica (radiazioni ultraviolette, radiazioni ionizzanti), virale, da cause ambientali. -Co-cancerogenesi, meccanismi della trasformazione. -Basi molecolari della trasformazione cellulare. Meccanismi patogenetici. Concetto di oncogene ed oncosoppressore. Controllo della replicazione del DNA. Le mutazioni. Neoplasie a carattere familiare ereditario. Cariotipo ed alterazioni cromosomiche nei tumori. -Ruolo del controllo dell'apoptosi nei tumori. Patologia molecolare della riparazione del DNA. Patologia del mismatch repair. Patologia dello excision repair. Xeroderma pigmentosum. -Patologia della trascrizione e traduzione. -Angiogenesi tumorale. -Concetto di invasività tumorale. Metastatizzazione e stadiazione. Meccanismi molecolari alla base del fenomeno delle metastasi. Tumori primitivi e metastatici. Vie di metastatizzazione. Infiammazione -Caratteri generali. Definizione di infiammazione. Meccanismi di riconoscimento di un patogeno. Caratteri distintivi tra flogosi acute e croniche. -Flogosi acuta essudativa (Angioflogosi). Le fasi. I mediatori plasmatici e tissutali dell'infiammazione. L'essudazione: i diversi tipi di essudato. Le proteine della fase acuta. Le cellule della infiammazione acuta. La diapedesi, la chemiotassi e la fagocitosi. I diversi tipi di infiammazione acuta: sierosa, siero-fibrinosa, fribinosa, catarrale, purulenta, emorragica, necrotico-emorragica e allergica. -Flogosi cronica (Istoflogosi). Le cellule della infiammazione cronica. -Le infiammazioni croniche granulomatose e interstiziali. Struttura dei granulomi: tubercoloma, granuloma da corpo estraneo. -Esiti dei processi infiammatori. I processi riparativi ed il tessuto di granulazione. |
| Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile | Eziologia e Patogenesi Stato di salute, omeostasi e manifestazioni patologiche - Cause di malattia: agenti fisici, chimici e biologici Cause intrinseche di malattia Patologie Genetiche -Malattie monogeniche autosomiche ed eterocromosomiche. Mutazioni del DNA e meccanismi di riparazione. -Patologie del sangue da difetto genetico: Talassemie, Sferocitosi, Falcemia , Emofilia. -Distrofia muscolare. -Alterazioni cromosomiche. Alterazioni numeriche e strutturali dei cromosomi: Sindrome di Down, Sindrome di Turner e Sindrome di Klinefelter. Cause estrinseche di malattia -Agenti fisici. Radiazioni non ionizzanti e ionizzanti. Basse e alte temperature: congelamenti ed ustioni. -Agenti chimici e ambientali. Inquinamento ambientale. Sostanze stupefacenti. Patologia Cellulare -La cellula: cenni sulla struttura e principali funzioni. -Lesioni elementari della cellula. Patologia del nucleo, del mitocondrio, del reticolo endoplasmatico, del lisosoma, del citoscheletro, dei perossisomi, dell'apparato di Golgi e della membrana cellulare. Processi regressivi -Atrofie fisiologiche e patologiche. -Processi regressivi intracellulari. Degenerazione vacuolare, idropica e rigonfiamento torbido. Degenerazione ialina e mucosa. Steatosi. -Processi regressivi extracellulari. Amiloidosi. Degenerazione ialina, fibrinoide e mucosa. -Morte cellulare. Necrosi. Vari tipi di necrosi. Gangrene. Gli esiti del processo necrotico. Apoptosi. Eventi molecolari della morte apoptotica. Processi progressivi -Ipertrofie ed iperplasie fisiologiche e patologiche. Il processo rigenerativo delle cellule labili, stabili e perenni. La rigenerazione epatica. La ricostituzione. Oncologia -Classificazione dei tumori. Caratteristiche della cellula normale e trasformata. Metaplasia. Displasia. Anaplasia. Tumori benigni e maligni. Classificazione istogenica ed elementi di morfologia dei tumori umani benigni e maligni. Carcinoma in "situ". -Elementi di epidemiologia dei tumori. Cancerogenesi: chimica, fisica (radiazioni ultraviolette, radiazioni ionizzanti), virale, da cause ambientali. -Co-cancerogenesi, meccanismi della trasformazione. -Basi molecolari della trasformazione cellulare. Meccanismi patogenetici. Concetto di oncogene ed oncosoppressore. Controllo della replicazione del DNA. Le mutazioni. Neoplasie a carattere familiare ereditario. Cariotipo ed alterazioni cromosomiche nei tumori. -Ruolo del controllo dell'apoptosi nei tumori. Patologia molecolare della riparazione del DNA. Patologia del mismatch repair. Patologia dello excision repair. Xeroderma pigmentosum. -Patologia della trascrizione e traduzione. -Angiogenesi tumorale. -Concetto di invasività tumorale. Metastatizzazione e stadiazione. Meccanismi molecolari alla base del fenomeno delle metastasi. Tumori primitivi e metastatici. Vie di metastatizzazione. Infiammazione -Caratteri generali. Definizione di infiammazione. Meccanismi di riconoscimento di un patogeno. Caratteri distintivi tra flogosi acute e croniche. -Flogosi acuta essudativa (Angioflogosi). Le fasi. I mediatori plasmatici e tissutali dell'infiammazione. L'essudazione: i diversi tipi di essudato. Le proteine della fase acuta. Le cellule della infiammazione acuta. La diapedesi, la chemiotassi e la fagocitosi. I diversi tipi di infiammazione acuta: sierosa, siero-fibrinosa, fribinosa, catarrale, purulenta, emorragica, necrotico-emorragica e allergica. -Flogosi cronica (Istoflogosi). Le cellule della infiammazione cronica. -Le infiammazioni croniche granulomatose e interstiziali. Struttura dei granulomi: tubercoloma, granuloma da corpo estraneo. -Esiti dei processi infiammatori. I processi riparativi ed il tessuto di granulazione. |