Unit BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 1

HUMAN ANATOMY

Code	GP005087
CFU	3
Teacher	Alessandra Pistilli
Teachers	Alessandra Pistilli
Hours	45 ore - Alessandra Pistilli
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Sector	BIOS-12/A
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)

BIOCHEMISTRY

Code	GP003724
CFU	2
Teacher	Davide Chiasserini
Teachers	Davide Chiasserini
Hours	30 ore - Davide Chiasserini
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Sector	BIOS-07/A
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)

APPLIED BIOLOGY

Code	GP003725
CFU	2
Teacher	Letizia Mezzasoma
Teachers	Letizia Mezzasoma
Hours	30 ore - Letizia Mezzasoma
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Sector	BIOS-10/A
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	italian
Contents	Characteristics of living organisms. Biological macromolecules. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Viruses (general concepts). The flow of genetic information in living organisms and its regulation. The cell cycle and its control. Mutations. Reproduction in multicellular organisms: meiosis and gametogenesis. Mendelian genetics. Human genetics. Blood groups: immunological and genetic aspects.
Reference texts	R. Roberti, G. Alunni Bistocchi, C. Antognelli, V.N. Talesa – Biochemistry and Biology for Healthcare Professions – McGraw Hill. P. Bonaldo, S. Suga, R. Pierantoni, P. Riva, M.G. Romanelli – Biology and Genetics – EdiSES. Teaching materials are also available through the University's e-learning platform (Unistudium). Students with disabilities and/or Specific Learning Disorders (SLD) are entitled to all compensatory and dispensatory measures provided by current legislation, in accordance with the University's guidelines.
Educational objectives	The Applied Biology module is one of the first foundational courses within the Degree Programme. Its primary aim is to provide students with the fundamental knowledge required to successfully undertake both basic science courses (Histology, Anatomy, Physiology, Microbiology, and Pathology) and more specialized subjects. The course focuses on the integrated study of the cell and living organisms, with particular emphasis on: the molecular mechanisms involved in the biogenesis of cellular organelles and structures; interactions between cells and between cells and the extracellular environment; the replication, transmission, and expression of genetic information; cell proliferation and its regulation; fundamental concepts of general and human genetics.
Prerequisites	To successfully attend the course, students are expected to have acquired basic knowledge of Chemistry and Biology, in accordance with the curricula established by the Italian Ministry of Education and covered in upper secondary schools. In particular, in order to understand biological terminology and concepts, students should possess a general knowledge of cell structure, atomic structure, chemical bonding, and simple inorganic and organic molecules.
Teaching methods	Face to face
Other information	The teaching activities, as well as the schedule of lessons and exams will be published on the web site of the Degree Course.
Learning verification modality	The exam will be integrated with the other modules. It will be a written test. The final grade will be the result of the weighted average of the three disciplines.
Extended program	Characteristics of living organisms. Biological macromolecules: proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates (general concepts). Cellular organization: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Viruses: general characteristics. The animal eukaryotic cell. Plasma membrane: structure and functions, with particular emphasis on transport mechanisms and cell communication; cytoplasm; ribosomes; smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi apparatus; lysosomes; peroxisomes; mitochondria and cellular energy metabolism; cytoskeleton (general concepts); nucleus and nucleolus. DNA and RNA: structure and function. Chromatin organization and chromosomes. The eukaryotic gene. Gene expression: transcription, processing of primary transcripts, genetic code, and translation. General principles of gene expression regulation. Cell cycle: interphase, DNA replication, and mitosis. Cell cycle regulation: cell cycle checkpoints and cyclin-CDK complexes. Proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Gene mutations (point mutations, missense, silent, nonsense, and neutral mutations), genomic mutations (aneuploidies and polyploidies), and chromosomal abnormalities (deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations). Normal and abnormal human karyotypes. X-chromosome inactivation. Reproduction in multicellular organisms: meiosis and its biological significance; male and female gametogenesis. Introduction to genetics: basic terminology (alleles, homozygous and heterozygous genotypes, dominance and recessiveness, genotype and phenotype). General genetics: Mendel’s laws and extensions of Mendelian inheritance (incomplete dominance, codominance, and multiple alleles). Human genetics: pedigree analysis. Autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance. Sex-linked inheritance. Polygenic and multifactorial inheritance. Mitochondrial inheritance. Blood groups
Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile	Health and wellness

HISTOLOGY

Code	GP003945
CFU	1
Teacher	Francesca Mancuso
Teachers	Francesca Mancuso
Hours	15 ore - Francesca Mancuso
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Sector	BIOS-13/A
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Histological methods for the study of cells and tissues. Covering and lining epithelia. Epidermis. Exocrine and endocrine glands. Connective tissue proper. Cells of connective tissue. Extracellular matrix. Interstitial fluid. Adipose tissue and its regulation. Lymphoid tissue. Cartilage. Bone tissue. Mechanisms of ossification. Blood. Muscle tissues: general features of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissue. Nervous tissue (the neuron and the nerve fiber).
Reference texts	Istologia per le lauree triennali e magistrali di Sica - Di Primio - Armato - Bani - Baroni - AAVV • 2025 . Learning pathways, materials, and/or assessment methods consistent with the needs of students with disabilities and/or specific learning disorders (SLD) are provided. M. De Felici, C. Boitani, M. Bouché, R. Canipari, A. Dolfi, A. Filippini, A. Musarò, G. Popaccio, A. Salustri.¿Embriologia Umana Morfogenesi - Processi Molecolari - Aspetti Clinici, Eds: Piccin, Terza Edizione, 2020.
Educational objectives	To acquire knowledge of the distribution of tissues, their main structural and functional characteristics, and their cellular organization. To understand the principal histological techniques. To correlate cellular activities with the structural and ultrastructural organization of cells and tissues and their main functions, with particular reference to the systems involved in reproductive function. To acquire and appropriately use histological terminology as a basis for the definition and critical interpretation of morphological knowledge. To demonstrate the ability to identify tissues on the basis of their organization using standard microscopic observation techniques.
Prerequisites	In order to understand and be able to cope with the course, the student must possess the general knowledge regarding the structure of the eukaryotic cell and the function of its organelles. This basic knowledge is that acquired in the course of high school studies, in the training course organized by the University of Perugia, and necessary for the student to pass the test for access to the courses for the health professions with programmed number.
Teaching methods	The course is organized through classroom lectures supported by PowerPoint presentations covering all the topics included in the syllabus. The lectures are interactive. Learning pathways, materials, and assessment methods consistent with the needs of students with disabilities and/or specific learning disorders (SLD) are provided.
Other information	Attendance: compulsory, at least 70 percent of classes. Location: Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, piazzale L. Severi, 06132 Perugia. For information, elucidation and to set up a schedule for meeting, please contact via e-mail: francesca.mancuso@unipg.it
Learning verification modality	The exam include an oral exam to assess logical and knowledge competence learning and the ability to interpret data. The oral test are aimed at verifying that the student is able to communicate, with method, propriety of language and of exposure.¿For information on support services for students with disabilities and/or DSA visit http://www.unipg.it/disabilita-e-dsa.
Extended program	HISTOLOGY¿Methods to study the tissues¿1) Definition and classification of tissues.¿2) Epithelial tissue:¿- generality;¿- Lining epithelia: structure, functions and classification; examples of anatomical distribution. Differentiations of free surfaces (cilia, microvilli, stereocilia). Notes on joining systems. Epidermis;¿- Exocrine glandular epithelia: classification and examples according to the degree of duct branching, adenomere shape, the terms of issue of the secretion, the chemical composition of the secretion;¿- Endocrine glandular epithelia: secretion mode and nature of the hormones. Notes on cytologic and histologic and functional features of the endocrine glands. Testis and ovary hystology: spermatogenesis and folliculogenesis;¿3) Connective tissue:¿- Structural organization; its own cells and the extracellular matrix components (collagen fibers, elastic and reticular substance and amorphous - proteoglycans and glycoproteins);¿- Connective tissue proper: the cell types, extracellular matrix, classification, function and anatomical distribution of different types. - Specialized connective tissues:¿a) cartilaginous tissue: cell types, the cartilaginous matrix, classification (hyaline, elastic, fibrous, and chondroid cordoide), functions and anatomical distribution of cartilage. The perichondrium.¿b) bone: macro and microscopic organization. Features and compact bone and spongy bone distribution; cell types; the bone matrix. The periosteum and endosteum.¿c) Blood: The figurative elements - erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets (morphology, function and life time ); serum and plasma. hematocrit value. Differential count.¿4) Adipose tissue: histogenesis, structure and ¿function.¿5) Nervous tissue: structure, ultrastructure, function and location. morphological characteristics of the neuron. Structure and function of the myelin sheath. The cells of the neuroglia. The white matter and gray matter. nerve fibers and peripheral nerves; epineurium, perineurium and endoneurium.¿6) Muscle tissue:¿a) the skeletal striated muscle tissue; integration with connective tissue (endomysium, perimysium and epimysium); Structural and ultrastructural characteristics of striated skeletal muscle fiber; triad; motor end plate;¿b) cardiac striated muscle tissue: ultrastructural characteristics of cardiac striated muscle fiber; intercalated discs; dyad;¿c) smooth muscle tissue: ultrastructural characters, functions and distribution of smooth muscle cells.¿d) The muscle contraction. EMBRIOLOGY:¿1)Spermatogenesis.¿2) Folliculogenesis and oogenesis. ovarian and uterine cycle.¿3) fertilization and segmentation.¿4) The first and second week of development: segmentation system and its anomalies and bilaminar embryo.¿5) Third week of development: gastrulation and trilaminar embryo.¿6) Fourth week of development: growth, organization of germ layers, defining the body of the embryo and early organogenesis.¿7) Sex Differentiation;¿8) Placenta and twins.
Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile	Zero poverty, health and welfare, gender equality.