Unit PHYSIOPATHOLOGIALBASESOFDISEASES

PHYSIOLOGY II

Code	GP005093
CFU	2
Teacher	Bernard Fioretti
Teachers	Bernard Fioretti
Hours	30 ore - Bernard Fioretti
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Sector	BIOS-06/A
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Function of the cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, digestive and endocrine systems.
Reference texts	Masetto, S., & Bossi, E. (A cura di). (2019). Fisiologia umana. Elementi. Edi.Ermes. Ferraina, S., Grassi, C., & Pagliaro, P. (2023). Fisiologia medica (Vol. 1 e 2). Edizioni A.L.E.
Educational objectives	Understanding of the functioning of the cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, digestive and endocrine systems.
Prerequisites	Students must possess the fundamental knowledge acquired through the courses in Physics, Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Human Anatomy.
Teaching methods	Lectures
Learning verification modality	Assessment consists of in-course multiple-choice tests and oral examinations.
Extended program	Physiology of the Cardiovascular System: Heart: cardiac automaticity: pacemaker cells of the nodal tissue, rhythmogenesis and conduction of the cardiac action potential. Mechanisms of atrioventricular delay. Cardiac mechanics: action potential of the working cardiomyocyte. Electromechanical coupling in the cardiac muscle fiber. Factors determining the contractile force of the heart. Isometric and isotonic contraction and the length–tension relationship in the cardiac muscle fiber. Cardiac cycle: changes in cardiac, arterial and venous pressures. Cardiac valves and heart sounds. Cardiac output. Regulation of cardiac activity: intrinsic mechanisms and the Frank–Starling law. Effects of the autonomic nervous system. Electrocardiogram. Principles of hemodynamics: physical factors regulating blood flow in the circulatory system. Relationship between pressure, flow and resistance, Hagen–Poiseuille law. Laminar and turbulent flow. Viscosity and hematocrit. Vascular compliance. Factors determining arterial pressure and the generation of the pressure gradient in the circulatory system. Functions of arteries: elastic vessels and resistance vessels. Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure. Microcirculation. Mechanisms underlying exchanges between blood and interstitial fluid. Role of the lymphatic system. Factors determining interstitial edema. Physiology of the venous system: mechanisms of venous return. Physiology of regional blood circulation: coronary, cutaneous, muscular and cerebral circulation. Control of regional blood flow: metabolic, humoral and neural mechanisms. Regulation of arterial pressure: short-, medium- and long-term mechanisms. Reflex, baroreceptor and chemoreceptor mechanisms. The renin–angiotensin system. The kidney–body fluid system. Physiology of the Respiratory System: Respiratory mechanics. Lung volumes and capacities. Pulmonary and alveolar ventilation. Spirometry. Respiratory muscles. Elastic properties of the lungs, intrapleural pressure, pressure–volume curve, role of surfactant. Elastic properties of the thoracic cage. Dynamic resistance to gas flow and work of breathing. Gas exchange. Partial pressures of gases in ambient, inspired and alveolar air. Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. Ventilation–perfusion relationship. Neural control of respiration. Physiology of the Urinary System: The nephron. Glomerular filtration and mechanisms of regulation. Tubular functions: reabsorption and secretion. Reabsorption of water and solutes. Action of antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone. Excretion. Micturition. Renal clearance: significance and usefulness. Short-, medium- and long-term mechanisms controlling physiological pH. Physiology of the Digestive System: Smooth muscle: functional organization, excitation–contraction coupling. Regulation of the electrical activity and contraction of smooth muscle fibers. Functions and processes. Regulation of intestinal motility. Secretion. Phases of digestion: cephalic, gastric and intestinal. Digestion and absorption. Physiology of the Endocrine System: Function and organization, types of hormones, general mechanisms of control. Hypothalamic–pituitary axis: structure and controlled hormones. Growth hormone (GH): functions and regulation of secretion. Thyroid hormones: functions, regulation of secretion, and related disorders. Integrated control of blood glucose: hormones involved, mechanisms of action of insulin and glucagon. Regulation of calcium homeostasis: parathyroid hormone, calciferol and calcitonin. Mechanisms of action and integrated regulation.

MICROBIOLOGY

Code	GP005094
CFU	2
Teacher	Claudia Monari
Teachers	Claudia Monari
Hours	30 ore - Claudia Monari
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Sector	MEDS-03/A
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Structure and physiology of bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, host-microorganism interaction; mechanisms of microbial pathogenicity. Information on the main pathogenic microorganisms for humans and associated diseases.
Reference texts	Principi di Microbiologia Medica (La Placa). Paths, materials and/or assessment methodologies consistent with the needs of disabled and/or DSA students are provided.
Educational objectives	Provide the students of the Degree Course in Nursing with the knowledge of Microbiology capable of guaranteeing the skills required to achieve the essential levels of professional performance.
Teaching methods	Lectures. Paths, materials and/or assessment methodologies consistent with the needs of disabled and/or DSA students are provided.
Other information	For clarifications, information: claudia.monari@unipg.it Office hours are agreed periodically with the students
Learning verification modality	Oral examination lasting approximately 20 minutes divided into two questions relating to the topics described in the program. A third question on the minimum essential knowledge may be asked in the event of an unsatisfactory answer to the two main questions. Final grade: arithmetic average of the grades relating to the individual courses. Paths, materials and/or assessment methodologies consistent with the needs of disabled and/or DSA students are provided. For information on support services for students with disabilities and/or DSA visit the page http://www.unipg.it/disabilita-e-dsa
Extended program	Bacterial cell structures (Gram+ e Gram- cell wall, nucleic aid, cytoplasm, cytoplasmatic membrane). Facultative bacterial cell structures (capsule, pili, flagella, spore). Bacterial virulence factors (toxins, capsule, adhesins, exoenzymes). Metabolism, Nutrition. Colture mediums. Bacterial genetics. General features of Fungi, Viruses, Protozoa. Bacterial microbiota. Routes of transmission of infections. Antibiotic susceptibility tests. Sterilization /Disinfection. Bacteriology: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterobatteri, Neisseria, Legionella, Helicobacter, Mycobacterium. Virology: orthomyxovirus, hepatitis A, B, C, HIV, HPV, Herpesvirus, Coronavirus Micology: Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus. Parasitology: Plasmodium, Giardia, Toxoplasma.

GENERALPATHOLOGY AND PHYSIOPATHOLOGY

Code	GP005092
CFU	3
Teacher	Teresa Zelante
Teachers	Teresa Zelante
Hours	45 ore - Teresa Zelante
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Sector	MEDS-02/A
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	- Molecular Pathology - Major genetic diseases - Diseases to environmental causes - Cellular pathology and cell death - Inflammation - Molecular Oncology - Elements of the pathophysiology of organs and apparatuses
Reference texts	1. G.M. Pontieri. Patologia e fisiopatologia generale. Per i corsi di laurea in professioni sanitarie. Piccin 2.Spector. Introduzione alla Patologia Generale, Casa editrice Ambrosiana 3. Pontieri. Patologia generale, Piccin 4. Robbins. Le basi patologiche delle malattie, Elsevier
Educational objectives	After completing the course students are expected to have acquired basic knowledge to understand the major topics of molecular etiology of the disease, as well as have knowledge of the main aspects of the pathophysiology of organs and systems with particular reference to the specific biological needs during professional employement.
Prerequisites	In order to understand and know how to apply most of the knowledge provided by the teaching it is important to have successfully defended the exams of the first year of the degree course. The student must in fact possess the knowledge of the processes that take place within the cell and within and between the various organs and body systems. Students must know the basics of the profession of nursing.
Teaching methods	Frontal lectures. The lectures are on the whole program of the course of study, but are also on specialized topics that emerge from the specific needs of learners, all in a view of a highly vocational intent of the course. Each lesson has a duration of two hours on a specific topic, but relating it to others already exposed, to allow the student to have an integrated view.
Other information	Schedule of the lessons and exams: The schedule of the lessons and exams is posted on the Course website (https://www.fisgeo.unipg.it/fisgejo/index.php/it/didattica/corso-di-laurea-in-ottica-ed-optometria.html) Consulting hours and location: By appointment through e-mail. Teaching room, Building D, 0 Floor, Medicine and Surgery Course,Piazzale Severi, 1. Perugia. For students with disabilities see the website http://www.unipg.it/disabilita-e-dsa
Learning verification modality	According to the demands of the students, even though it is integrated, the exam includes two in itinere oral exames for the Physiology II and for Microbiology and a final examination of General Pathology and Pathophysiology with a final score derived from the mediation between the votes obtainedin the three modules. The oral tests consist of discussions lasting 30 minutes on average of 2 or 3 questions, designed to ascertain: - Level of knowledge of the topics - Ability of understanding, connection and integration of informations -Capacity and exhibition of language
Extended program	1. Introduction to the concept of health and disease. The field of interest of the general pathology. 2. The communication between cells. The structural basis of communication. The cellular signaling: endocrine, autocrine and paracrine. Interactions between cells and matrix. Pathology of cellular signaling. 3. The cell damage and adaptive mechanisms. Causes and mechanisms of intrinsic cellular damage (genetic diseases. Mendelian diseases. Polygenic diseases. Diseases cytogenetics. The molecular diagnosis of genetic diseases and genomics-based) and environmental diseases (Environmental Pollution. Damage to chemical and physical agents. Nutritional diseases. The diseases infectious. Teratogenicity). Morphological and molecular aspects of cell damage. The answer to the subcellular damage. The cellular adaptation. Hypertrophy and ipotrofie. Cell death. 4. Elements of immunology and immunopathology. The acute and chronic inflammation. Acute inflammation. Vascular changes. Cellular events: the exudation and leukocyte phagocytosis. The chemical mediators of inflammation. Chronic inflammation: definition and causes. The role of the lymphatic system and lymphoid tissue in inflammatory processes. Systemic manifestations of the inflammatory process. 5. The healing process. The cell cycle and the control of cell proliferation. The repair to scar. Mechanisms of wound healing. Pathology of healing process. Integration of inflammatory and reparative processes. 6. The tumor and cell transformation. Definitions and nomenclature. Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms. Malignancies. Cancer epidemiology. Carcinogenesis and the molecular basis of cancer. Biology of the neoplastic proliferation. Etiology of cancer: carcinogens. 7. Essentials of pathophysiology of the blood, the endocrine system, the cardiovascular system, liver, respiratory system, urogenital system.
Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile	3